When Afghanistan was beginning its formation as a nation in the 1700s, two of the major world powers of that era were advancing towards Afghanistan: Britain westward from India and Russia moving eastward. “England was busy conquering India between 1757 and 1857, Visalli writes, “and Russia was extending its control eastward, and by 1828 was on the border with Afghanistan.” One of the most profitable products that England exported from its new colony, India, was opium and by 1770 Great Britain had a monopoly on opium production in India and ensured that cultivation also spread to Afghanistan (the boundary between the two was blurred). defined until 1893). In 1859, England took control of all Afghan territory between the Indus River and the Hindu Kush, including Baluchistan, denying Afghanistan access to the sea. England invaded Afghanistan again in 1878, overthrew the monarch in power and forced the new government to become a British protectorate, i.e. making Afghanistan dependent and under the rule of the British monarch, subject to wars, looting, land expropriations , economic and development problems. paralyzing, occupation. The British invasions embittered the Afghan people, creating a sense of xenophobia that created powerful resistance to Western-style reforms advanced by Afghan leaders in the years to come. Power in its most violent form divides and conquers forever. In 1893, England created the “Durand Line,” an arbitrary 1,500-mile boundary between “British” India and Afghanistan that made Britain's previous territorial gains permanent and laid claim to the North-West Frontier Provinces, long considered part of Afghanistan. Without consulting the Afghan government, a 1907 Anglo-Russian convention made the border “permanent.” The capture of these provinces divided the... center of the paper... NATO aggression and occupation and the West's appropriate support for one or another indigenous or regional oppressive force. “The United States,” RAWA commented on this occasion, “wants the world to know that they are responsible for establishing order in the world and [that] nothing in the world changes without their will, so that they can extend their presence in the world. region by bringing together our enemies of different species and tightening their leashes in his hands." The group went on to say that the United States “can create a regime that is far more mafia-like, dependent, corrupt, anti-people, and more ridiculous than the current one in our homeland; and after the expiration date of his dirty creations, he will take them each by the tail and throw them aside like mice. …These “offensively painful games,” RAWA said, “are being played with our suffering nation…” However, they said,