Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a category of congenital disorders caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. These may include physical or intellectual abnormalities, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, auditory, and fine or gross motor problems. (Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for pregnant women, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their full potential through both family and individual interventions. While there is no cure for FAS or FASD, appropriate treatments can help people with these diagnoses minimize their effects. According to the British Medical Association in 2007, FASD is the leading cause of intellectual disability that does not have a genetic cause in Western countries. World. (Callanan, 2013) In the United States, FASD is said to affect approximately 9.1 in 1000 births. (Greene, 2007) In the mid-19th century, the English noticed that children born to alcoholic mothers had a wizened appearance and were smaller than normal. (Jones & Streissguth, 2010) Despite this, no further research was undertaken until 1973 in the United States, when Dr. Shirley Anderson began following 11 different children born to alcoholic mothers. As he followed them through childhood, he noticed similar physical and facial characteristics in four of those children, including "microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, and a smooth philtrum." (Jones & Streissguth, 2010) This led to the identification of numerous other children with similar anomalies and who also showed varying degrees of global developmental delays. Based on these observations and...... half of the article......Leenaars, L., Denys, K., Henneveld, D., Rasmussen, C.. (2012). The impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders on families: Evaluation of a family intervention program. Community Mental Health Journal.l 48, 431–435. DOI 10.1007/s10597-011-9425-6Paley, B., O'Connor, M.. Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol research and health. 34 (1), 66-76Paley, B., O'Connor, M.. (2009). Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: therapeutic approaches and case management. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 15, 258 – 267Wells, A., Chasnoff, I., Schmidt, C., Telford, E., Schwartz, L.. (2012). Neurocognitive rehabilitation therapy for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: An adaptation of the Alert program. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 66 (1), 24-35