In Leviathan, arguably one of the most transcendent political pieces written in the English language, Thomas Hobbes claims that state sovereignty and the suppression of the brutal state of nature are best achieved through the monopolization of power . This “common power” (Hobbes, 109), commonwealth, or Leviathan, can be exercised by “one man, or over an assembly of men,” which is where the division of republics and principalities of Machiavelli. limited as such: a principality is a state governed by an individual, and a republic is a state governed pluralistically. The essay will establish the fundamental similarities between Leviathan and principalities, followed by republics, and conclude by evaluating its position as a different political system. Ultimately, I argue that Leviathan is ambiguous in nature; it can be a monarchy, a democracy or an aristocracy. However, it strictly dictates that ultimate power be contained by a single sovereign force, which, in any case, makes it an absolutist form of government. Throughout the book, primarily in chapters XVII through XXII, Hobbes establishes some of the many characteristics of Leviathan government. When he talks about Leviathan, Hobbes reduces it to a single entity. This is how Hobbes takes the first step towards Machiavelli's concept of principality. Whether it is a single person or a single assembly of a few individuals, Hobbes's singularization of the Leviathan shows that state power is ultimately contained in a single branch of government. Any responsibility, be it political, social, etc., therefore falls to him: the sovereign. In a principality the central political actor is the prince. Machiavelli, and Hobbes alike, argue… halfway through the article… the general constants of Leviathan are as follows. It must function through a single sovereign power, whether a united general assembly or an autonomous leader. This power must be exercised with respect to the single pact. Any concern that transcends the covenant must be addressed by the one sovereign, the ultimate and all-powerful political force. The fundamental constant is that of the singularity; all peoples, institutions and interests must be condensed into their most basic and unified form. In doing so, politics will bridge the relationship between State and Sovereign, allowing for mutual benefit, a thought that lends itself to modern liberalism. Hobbes recognizes that “no discourse, whatsoever, can conclude with an absolute knowledge of the facts” (Hobbes, 35), and makes Leviathan an interpretive and conditional political framework above all.
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