Index IntroductionMethods and strategiesAdhesive – Mediated FabricationFuture PerspectivesIntroductionThe periodontium consists of a fibrous periodontal ligament that connects the tooth cementum to the alveolar bone. The majority of the periodontal ligament contains neurovascular elements. The cyclic masticatory forces between two mineralized bodies are distributed by the relative movement between the tooth and the bone with the help of this soft tissue. These short-term physiological forces allow continuous adaptation of the bone-PDL-cement complex. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay In particular, angled PDLs with spatiotemporal organizations between the teeth and alveolar bone contribute significantly to the absorption and distribution of masticatory/occlusal stress, as well as to the optimization of mineralized tissue remodeling for tooth complexes - periodontium. Therefore, perpendicular/oblique orientations of the PDL relative to the tooth root surfaces contribute to the functionalization and revitalization of the biofunctional tooth-supporting structures. Spatiotemporal compartmentalization is a critical requirement for micron-scale multiple tissue regeneration and functional restoration. However, instabilities at multiple tissue interfaces or loss of their skeletal support functions can be induced by disease or traumatic injury of the musculoskeletal system. Periodontitis, a highly prevalent inflammatory infectious disease, commonly induces tissue destruction of the periodontal complex in humans. This disease is initiated by bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can stimulate cytokines to signal precursor cells to differentiate and activate osteoclastic cells and/or periodontal inflammatory process via bacterial biofilm. Therapeutic knowledge is currently limited to submicron-scale interfaces and systemic compartmentalization to mimic periodontal structures and functions for restoration of tooth-supporting functions. This brief review provides the importance of 3D printing techniques and approaches in regenerating bone-ligand complexes by regulating spatiotemporal cellular organization. Some techniques currently used to produce scaffolds are direct 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, etc. The advantages of using 3D printing include the ability to fabricate versatile scaffolds with complex shapes capable of homogeneous cellular distribution and the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the availability of biomaterials with the desired stability and properties for 3D printing of scaffolds is limited depending on the printing technology used. Another disadvantage is the production time required to fabricate scaffolds, which increases significantly as scaffold design becomes increasingly precise and complex. Methods and Strategies Heat-Mediated 3D FabricationThermal energy fabrication combines prefabricated polymer layers into simple three-dimensional structures by raising the polymer above its glass transition temperature and fusing the softened layers together with applied pressure.11 It includes several techniques such as sintering selective laser, fused deposition modeling, 3D plotting, etc. Selective laser sintering/meltingThe University of Texas in 1989 developed Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technique. In this technique, the melting CO2 laser beam is usedselectively powder material by scanning cross sections generated from a 3D digital description of the part on the surface of a powder bed. After each cross section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered one layer thick, a new layer of material is applied on top, and the process is repeated until the part is complete. The integration of computational design and SLS techniques enables the capability to fabricate scaffolds that have anatomical external architectures and porous internal structure. FDA clearance was recently granted for the use of SLS to process medical grade polyether ether ketone (PEEK) to make custom craniofacial implants. More recently, SLM was used to create the first patient-specific, implant-ready titanium mandible that accepts dental implants to support a mandibular prosthesis.13 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) This technique uses a moving nozzle to extrude a fiber of polymeric material from which the physical model is built layer by layer. Polylactic acid (PLA) is currently applied in FDM mainly due to its biocompatibility and good thermal and physical properties. When primary human fibroblasts were cultured in these scaffolds, they proliferated and produced extracellular matrix14, Hutmacher et al. evaluated the compressive strength of each molded group and was compatible with that of human spongy bone. Although FDM exhibits high pattern resolution in the xy-plane, it is limited in the z-direction by the diameter of the extruded polymer filament which defines the layer thickness and corresponding pore height. Furthermore, high processing temperatures limit biomaterials compatible with the method. However, FDM capabilities are expanding with new developments such as multiphase jet solidification (MJS), a technique that allows the simultaneous extrusion of multiple molten materials.16Light-Mediated ManufacturingA UV laser is used to solidify exposed polymer regions leaving the remaining areas in liquid form. The moving floor then descends enough to cover the solid polymer with another layer of liquid resin. The process is repeated to create the desired shape. As with SLS, stereolithography has limited resolution by laser beam diameter to approximately 250 μm, although small-spot laser systems have been shown to produce smaller features (70 μm).17 Two different irradiation methods can be applied to stereolithography, laser-based stereolithography and digital light projection stereolithography. The laser-based method is a direct writing approach in which a computer-manipulated laser beam fabricates structures in a vector-by-vector, bottom-up fashion. In digital light projection, the UV light source is projected onto a transparent surface at the bottom of a tank, which contains the photosensitive resin; an entire layer of material is simultaneously cured after exposure to light. In initial attempts involving this approach, a physical mask was applied to define the specific pattern to be illuminated during light projection stereolithography.18 Stereolithography allows significant design freedom and is capable of fabricating minimal features on the micrometer scale ; although some stereolithography systems are capable of preparing structures with features ≤5 µm, most commercial systems prepare structures with features ≥50 µm.19Pressure-assisted microsyringeThe pressure-assisted microsyringe (PAM) technique was developed at the Center Interdepartmental of.