IndexAbstractIntroductionDiscussion/InterpretationConclusion/SummaryAbstractPuerto Rico's location makes it vulnerable to seismic activity due to the multiple sources surrounding the island. This is why the risk of a tsunami hitting the island increases as in 1918. The Puerto Rico Trench, located north of the island, is one of the most interesting sources since there are two escarpments with great potential to generate tsunami that would directly affect the cities on the northern coast of the island. In this study we can observe the possible effects and extension of a tsunami, generated by underwater landslides in the two escarpments, on the north coast of the island, precisely in the municipalities of Toa Baja, Cataño and Bayamón called in summary and for the purpose of this study Rio Hondo. Analyzing and comparing land-based flooding caused by tsunamis generated by underwater landslides can help determine the effectiveness of existing flood maps for the area. Typically, underwater landslides near the coast cause potentially catastrophic tsunamis because they are more locally concentrated and the arrival time of a wave is extremely short. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Introduction After the 2004 Sumatra earthquake, which caused a mega tsunami that struck the coasts of seven countries around the Indian Ocean, many scientists considered the possibility of similar events due to plate boundaries that might affect the coasts of other regions such as; United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. One of the areas of interest is the Puerto Rico Trench, which is one of the deepest parts of the Atlantic Ocean and is located where the North American Plate (NOAM) is subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate (Ten Brink et al., 2004). This plate extends approximately 3200 km from northern Central America to the northern end of the Lesser Antilles subarea. Due to the geological and tectonic configuration, tsunamis at least 12 m high can be generated in the northern Caribbean. Evidence of its effects has extended to distances up to 2200 km (Grindlay et al., 2005). This is why there is a negative free air gravity anomaly on Earth with -380 m Gal, located 50 km south of the Trench, where the water depth is 7950 m. Over time, tsunami generating sources using these areas have been enhanced, such as shelf shelf fall along the Virginia-North Carolina margin and volcanic edifice fall in the islands. Canary Islands. There is evidence of large-scale erosion and tectonic collapse related to oblique subduction located on the southeastern shelf of the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. For Grindlay (2005), the existence of something more alarming than the historical record of tsunamis is the presence of large-scale underwater landslides, which may have produced enormous prehistoric tsunamis on the northern margin of Puerto Rico. The recent concern in the scientific world is due to the rapid population increase in the northern Caribbean, which means that future tsunamis could be much more deadly or catastrophic than those that have occurred in the past. In recent years, two large amphitheater V-shaped landslides, known as Arecibo and Loiza, have been mapped, located on the southern slope of the Puerto Rico Trench, about 37 kilometers off the northern coast of Puerto Rico. These scarps are up to 55 km wide, have a crown in a water depth of approximately 3000 m, extend to a water depth of approximately 6000 m and are excavated on the edge of a carbonate platform ofneogonio with northward inclination at a depth of about 3 km underwater. The age of these scarps is unknown (Ten Brink et al., 2004). Initially, these escarpments or landslides were previously recognized using long-range lateral seismic survey (GLORIA) and far-reaching seismic reflection data. (Grindlay et al., 2005; Schwab et al., 1991). Subsequently, more detailed mapping was performed using sidescan bathymetric imagery and higher resolution sonar imagery. It is believed that although it is unlikely that the amphitheaters were formed during a single catastrophic event, scientists nevertheless observed that the estimated total volume of collapsed material in one of the landslide areas is similar to the calculated volume of the event that occurred . 7000 years ago in front of Norway and which generated a tsunami of 25-30 m high along the coast of Scotland. Bathymetry and lateral scan images show that the semicircular scarps did not form from a single catastrophic collapse, as previously suggested, but that they formed from a continuous retrograde fall of smaller segments and fissures located near the edge of the slope. carbonate platform. indicating that the falling process is underway. There is concern that, in addition to an earthquake-related shaking, groundwater flow from Puerto Rico to underwater springs near crack sites on the platform could play a role in the eventual failure of the platform. These flows could slowly erode the carbonate platform and contribute to small landslides that could cause tsunamis. Furthermore, at the edge of the platform, the seabed slope reaches 45°, and the water depth increases by 4000 m. These features potentially increase the risk of tsunamis on the north coast of Puerto Rico due to faults in the submarine slope that can be triggered spontaneously or by small earthquakes. According to Mercado (2002), rapid failures of submarine slopes can take many forms: cave-ins, cave-ins, landslides, debris flows, grain flows, and turbidity currents, and the result is the amphitheater-shaped scarp along the southern slope of the Puerto Rico Trench. of a landslide with the characteristics of a debris flow. Submarine landslides also pose difficulties for tsunami warning systems, as they often occur on coastal fringes near shorelines, cannot be predicted, and can occur within minutes of a moderate earthquake. The Puerto Rico Seismic Network (PRSN) has developed flood and tsunami evacuation maps, based on seismic events that can be found online at the Puerto Rico Seismic Network Internet pages. These maps were created by simulating the possible events that could be generated by hundreds of faults around Puerto Rico in order to create a Maximum of Maximums (MOM). However, these maps do not take into account any other potential sources of tsunamis, such as underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, etc. The objective of this study was to quantify the magnitude of tsunami inundation along the municipalities of Toa Baja, Cataño, and Bayamón. , referred to as Rio Hondo in the proposal summary, in northern Puerto Rico using two offshore submarine landslide sources, known as the Loiza Amphitheater Landslide Slope and Arecibo Amphitheater Landslide Slope. The purpose of this is to compare inundation between these two sources and then compare it to inundation and tsunami evacuation maps provided by the Puerto Rico Seismic Network to quantify how many collection points are located within the potential zone danger. According to Mercado (2002), modeling landslide tsunamis is much more difficult than modeling seismic tsunamis,since the time scale of bottom displacement is much longer than that of bottom displacement due to an earthquake. The generation of waves due to landslides mainly depends on the volume of material displaced, the immersion depth and the speed of the downward movement. As the speed of the landslide increases, and approaches in magnitude the speed of the tsunami wave, the response of the sea surface increases. Bathymetric grids were used for dirrupe modeling, paying more attention to 1/3 arcsecond grids obtained from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) (www.ngdc.noaa.gov). Bathymetric grids of the landslide scarps of the Loiza and Arecibo amphitheaters with a resolution of 5 arc seconds were used, scenarios used to produce the propagation of wave amplitudes that were compared in the study. The 1/3 arcsecond and 5 arcsecond squares were constructed, sorted, and nested using the SURFER v.10 software described by López-Venegas (2008). The tsunami wave propagation and inundation of this study were simulated using the Ocean WAVE non-hydrostatic evolution (NEOWAVE) numerical model algorithm and the tsunami solution using the Navier-Stokes algorithm with multiple interfaces (TSUNAMI3D ) which are three-dimensional the model solves the Navier Stokes equations with two different phases of fluids, water and flowing material. To carry out this study, a series of nested grids were created. These grids increase in resolution as time decreases, then go from lower resolution with 3 minute grids, to higher resolution with 1-3 arc second grids. Once the floods were successfully generated, the maximum flood grid data from each analysis was extracted to create the flood maps using the ArcMap program. With these, a detailed evaluation of the results was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to compare the flood generated by the Loiza amphitheater with the flood generated by the Arecibo amphitheater in the municipalities of Toa Baja, Cataño and Bayamón. Once these floods were compared, we proceeded to compare each of them with the flood maps of the municipalities of Toa Baja and Cataño provided by the Puerto Rico Seismic Network to determine the collection points that would be located within the inundation zone in case of tsunami due to underwater landslide. was spawned in the Puerto Rico Trench. Discussion/Interpretation Comparing the tide gauges located along the coast of the municipalities of Toa Baja and Cataño, a great similarity is observed with respect to the arrival patterns of the wave fronts of the tsunami models generated by each amphitheater. In general, the arrival curves of the first wave front follow exactly the same pattern with a difference of 300 to 400 seconds of arrival and 200 to 400 centimeters in height, with the exception of the eighth tide gauges which read a difference of approximately 1,460 cm . By comparing the models of the hypothetical alluvial extensions generated by landslides in the Arecibo and Loiza amphitheater and the alluvial exhaustion generated by the seismic events created by the Puerto Rico Seismic Network, it can be stated that a landslide generated by the slope of the Arecibo amphitheater has the ability to cause greater damage and cover a greater extent of land than the flood generated by the slope of the Loiza amphitheater and by a seismic event north of Puerto Rico, due to the amount of material displaced by 375 km^3. Comparing the models of the tsunami inundation, caused by a hypothetical landslide in the Arecibo Amphitheater and Loiza, we can see that the inundation area generated by the Loiza Amphitheater is smaller than the area of ,.