Describe narcotics analysis along with its disadvantages? The term Narcoanalysis derives from the Greek word narkç which means "anesthesia" or "torpor". It is also called the “truth serum”. The word narcoanalysis was invented by Horseley. The idea of ​​narcotics analysis was used for the first time in Texas on two prisoners. “Truth serum” is used to obtain information from prisoners or any person who is unwilling to provide information, facts or details regarding the welfare of the community under any circumstances. Some of the names of macrodrugs or physioactive drugs are ethanol, scopolamine, midazolam, flunitrazepam, etc. Analysis of Narcotics in India - Some countries, such as the United States, Russia, France and India, surprisingly, still continue to use narcotics. analyses. The use of narcoanalysis has brought much criticism in India from the public and the media. Analysis of drug traffickers is not legally permitted for investigative purposes in a developed, democratic country. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get Original Essay The narcotics analysis test is performed by a team comprising an anesthesiologist, a psychiatrist, a forensic psychologist, a videographer and support staff, in India. To check whether the above argument is true, other tests such as brain mapping or its signal are also done, then the psychologist reports the responses or revealed responses given by the subject and proves it. India mostly uses this macro analysis technique often in high profile cases. Examples of such cases are 1. Ajmal Kasab, the only person captured by the police in the 2008 attacks in Mumbai, Kasab was a Pakistani attacker and a member of the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba. He was interrogated but when he refused to answer, the truth serum technique was applied to him. Subsequently, on May 3, 2010, Kasab was found guilty of his crimes, including murder, waging war against India, destroying cities with explosives and other charges. On May 6, 2010, the court sentenced him to death. Analysis of Drug Traffickers from Constitutional and Legal Points of View The main provision regarding crime investigation and trial in the Constitution of India is Art. 20(3). This is the special right against self-incrimination. It has its equivalents in the Magna Carta, in the Talmud, and in the law of almost all civilized countries. The special right against self-incrimination is a fundamental principle of the common law criminal constitution. The characteristics of this principle are: - The accused is considered innocent, - It is up to the prosecution to establish his guilt and - That the accused does not have to make any statement against his will. -These propositions emerge from the fear that if compulsory examination of an accused were permitted, then force and torture might be used against him to trap him in fatal contradictions. Art. 20, paragraph 3, which establishes this right, states: “No one accused of a crime can be forced to testify against himself”. Upon analysis, it will be found that this provision contains the following elements: -It is a right available to a person “accused of a crime”; -It is a protection against such "coercion" "to testify"; -It is a protection against such “coercion” that leads one to testify against himself. All three ingredients must necessarily coexist before the protection of Article 20(3) can be claimed. If one of these ingredients is missing, Article 20, paragraph 3, cannot be invoked. Disadvantages of macroanalysis The application of the narcoanalysis test involves therudimentary question relating to judicial matters and also to Human Rights. The legal position of applying this technique as an investigative tool raises very literal questions such as intrusion on the rights, liberties and liberty of an individual. Subjecting the accused to this technique can cause chaos and brazen violation of the art. 20, third paragraph, of the Constitution. It also goes against the motto "Nemo Tenetur use Ipsum Accusare" i.e. "No one, not even the accused himself, may be forced to answer any question which may tend to prove him guilty of a crime of which he has been accused". . If the confession of the accused is made in any state of unconsciousness (even under a hypnotic state of mind) it should be rejected by the court. Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 permits expert opinion in certain cases. It reads: “When the court has to decide on a question of foreign law, or of science, or of art, or of the identity of writing or finger-print, the opinions on that point or the persons specially expert in that law foreign, or of science, or of art, or concerning the identity of writing or finger prints. The right against forcible self-incrimination, widely known as the right to remain silent, is included in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Constitution of India. The expert explains. Definition of Witness:- A witness is a person who testifies about cases he has seen or in other ways. Types of witnesses:- There are two types of witnesses. 1. Common testimony. 2. Expert witness. Common Witness: It can also be called a witness to the occurrence, it means a person who saw or observed the evidence by himself or perceived it by himself. Expert Witness: - Expert Witness is a person who is highly qualified, experienced, qualified, professional, competent, practiced, accomplished, expert, skilled, master, skilled, in technical and scientific knowledge, subject capable of beliefs, judgments, thoughts or angles in think, draw opinions and conclusions from facts seen by yourself, or seen/noticed by other people related to the case. For example, doctor, expert, fingerprint expert, handwriting expert, firearms expert, etc., section 45, INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT (1872). An expert witness may voluntarily provide a statement. He/she can draw inference from observations. He/she is highly responsible if he/she gives his/her consent. In some countries an expert witness can be severely punished for making false statements, but it is still punishable. An expert witness can claim the conduct money. An expert can give his judgment or opinion:1. On matters concerning common matters.2. On the facts previously ascertained or demonstrated by himself, or revealed by the confessor or other witnesses during the trial.3. On questions based on assumptions (or hypothetical questions). He/she, after thinking or looking back at the thoughts or assuming the certain facts of the evidence or describing the specific or different situations of the case without even first-hand knowledge of the case in the hypothetical case. History The beginning of knowledge of the use of an expert witness in English law dates back to 1782. When a court was hearing the legal action relating to the choking or blocking of the well port in Norfolk. The court accepted the evidence of a civil engineer, John Smeaton. The decision made by the court to accept the engineer's evidence gave rise to the new modern law and use as an expert witness. Role of experts Experts are relied on for advice and opinions on how deep the wound is, what type of weapon may have been used in the attack, etc. He/she may suggest, by viewing the area of ​​the murder or in any case the case, that the murder or any other case was committed inthat area or not, and whether the accused tried to disguise or deceive him. Duties of Experts In high-stakes cases, each party often opposes multiple experts, on different topics, or on multiple topics. Although it is very rare, the court may or may also employ its own independent expert. Expert evidence is often the most important component of many civil and criminal cases today. Fingerprint examination, blood analysis, and DNA fingerprinting are common types of expert evidence heard in serious criminal cases. In civil cases, you usually see the work of accident analysts, forensic engineers, and forensic accountants. Typical examples are intellectual property and medical negligence cases. Electronic evidence has also been approved by the court as forensic evidence. Audio and video evidence must be authenticated by both parties in any legal action or proceeding by a forensic expert who is also an expert to assist and provide whether the evidence shown is correct or not. Voicemail recordings and closed-circuit television systems produce electronic evidence that is often used in litigation, now more than in the past. Video recordings of bank robberies also help. Provide any case studies or examples and mention how forensic psychology or criminal profiling was important in solving that case. Theodore Robert Bundy was an American serial killer, kidnapper/captor, rapist, trespasser/theft, thief, and necrophiliac who attacked and killed numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and perhaps earlier. He was born November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989. Shortly before his execution and after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 murders committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true body count will forever be unknown and it could be much higher than the number Bundy confessed to. Many of Bundy's young victims considered him handsome and charismatic, traits that he exploited to gain their trust. He typically approached them in public places, feigning injuries or disabilities, or impersonating an authority figure, before overpowering and assaulting them in more secluded locations. He sometimes revisited secondary crime scenes for hours at a time, luring and performing sexual acts with the rotting corpses until rot and destruction by wild animals made further interactions impossible. He beheaded at least 12 of his victims and for a period of time kept some of the severed heads as mementos in his apartment. On some occasions, he would simply break into homes at night and beat his victims while they slept. Examination Done By Psychologist. Bundy underwent multiple psychiatric examinations; the conclusions of the experts were different. Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a professor of psychiatry at New York University School of Medicine and an authority on violent behavior, initially made a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, but later changed her impression more than once. She also suggested the possibility of multiple personality disorder, based on behaviors described in interviews and court testimony: A great-aunt witnessed an episode during which Bundy "appeared to transform into another unrecognizable person... [she] suddenly, he inexplicably found himself afraid of his favorite nephew as they waited together in a dark train station at dusk. Lewis said a Tallahassee prison official described a similar transformation: “He said, 'It's got weird with me.' He made a metamorphosis, a change of body and face, and he felt that he almost gave off an odor. He said: 'Almosta complete personality change…that was the day I was afraid of him.'" While experts found Bundy's precise diagnosis elusive, most of the evidence pointed away from bipolar disorder or other psychosis and towards antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Bundy displayed many personality traits typically found in ASPD patients (who are often identified as "sociopaths" or "psychopaths), such as outward charm and charisma with little real personality or genuine intuition beneath the facade. ; the ability to distinguish right from wrong, but with minimal effect on behavior; and absence of guilt or remorse. “Guilt doesn't solve anything, really,” Bundy said, in 1981. “It hurts you…I think I'm in the enviable position of not having to deal with guilt.” There was also evidence of narcissism, poor judgment and manipulative behavior. “Sociopaths,” wrote prosecutor George Dekle, “are selfish manipulators who think they can con anyone.” “Sometimes he manipulates me too,” admitted one psychiatrist. Ultimately, Lewis agreed with the majority: "I always tell my graduate students that if they can find me a real, true psychopath, I'll buy them dinner," he told Nelson. “I never thought they existed… but I think Ted might have been one of them, a real psychopath, with no remorse or empathy.” Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been proposed as an alternative diagnosis in at least one subsequent retrospective analysis. The afternoon before his execution, Bundy gave an interview to James Dobson, a psychologist and founder of the evangelical Christian organization Focus on the Family. He used the occasion to make new statements about violence in the media and the pornographic "roots" of his crimes. “It happened step by step, gradually,” he said. “My experience with… pornography that deals with sexuality on a violent level is that once you become addicted to it… I would continue to seek out more powerful, more explicit, more graphic types of material. Until I reached a point where Pornography only goes so far...where you start to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give you something beyond just reading or watching it." Violence in the media, he said, “particularly sexualized violence,” has put kids “on the road to becoming Ted Bundy.” The FBI, he suggested, should stake out adult movie theaters and follow patrons as they leave. "You're going to kill me," he said, "and that will protect society from me. But there are many, many more people out there who are addicted to pornography, and you're doing nothing about it." The court order of Bundy's execution was executed by electric chair at Florida State Prison on January 24, 1989. Biographer Ann Rule described him as "a sadistic sociopath who took pleasure in another human being's pain and control that he had on his victims, at the point of death, and even after". He once called himself "the coldest-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet"; Attorney Polly Nelson, a member of his latest defense team, wrote: "Ted was the very definition of heartless evil." What is the role and importance of the forensic psychologist in the legal system? Forensic psychologists are the people or individuals charged with applying the principles of psychology to the justice system. Usually, forensic psychologists are used in criminal trials to prove that the mental state of prisoners or the accused meets the required legal standards. Forensic psychologists should have a bachelor's degree in psychology followed by a master's degree. Forensic psychology is a highly specialized field that requires great knowledge, understanding and observation skills.Importance of Psychology Psychology is the study of people's behavior, performance, and mental operations. It also refers to the application of knowledge, which can be used to understand events, treat mental health problems, and improve education, employment, and relationships. Roles of Psychologists in the Legal System There are several general roles for psychologists in the legal system. Psychology has a place that exists in law (Bottoms et al., 2004). In general, psychological researchers can influence the law in various ways. As people/individuals with basic studies or researchers in the beginning stages of psychology, they can simply see through the fictions of the accused, whether they are correct or not. Then there are the applied researchers who approach scientific problems. Basic researchers inform the justice system by increasing available knowledge on topics such as memory, human mental action, or the process of gaining knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, the senses, and social influence. In the example of applied researchers, when critics have argued that trained interrogators can analyze an accused's silence behavior to obtain or determine whether an accused or suspect is lying, Kassin and Fong (1999) acquired training material for interrogators, trained student observers to analyze behavior and evaluated whether the training made the observers more accurate. The Psychological Association requires psychologists to adhere to strict guidelines and a code of conduct along with a set of principles they must follow called the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and APA Code of Conduct in 2002. Revisions have since been made to these standards, plus as recently as June 1, 2010, according to McCutcheon (2002). Further principles required of the police and all psychologists are that they must try to do good and not cause harm to another with their knowledge called Beneficence and Nonmaleficence. “Loyalty and responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for the rights and dignity of others (McCutcheon, 2002)” are also required principles. Competence to Stand Trial Roles of Forensic Psychologists Competence to Stand Trial A fundamental question in any criminal case is whether the accused has the mental capacity to stand trial and face his accuser. A forensic psychologist is often chosen to perform a competency evaluation of the defendant to determine whether he or she will be able to consult with his or her attorney, maintain a reasonable degree of understanding of the proceedings, or otherwise assist in his or her defense. The psychologist will evaluate the defendant to determine, if applicable, the cause of the incapacity, the treatment required, the availability of treatment, whether the defendant meets the criteria for involuntary commitment to a psychiatric facility, and the likelihood that the defendant will be able to stand trial after receiving treatment. These findings are submitted to the judge with a report followed by a hearing on jurisdiction. Therapeutic Services Therapeutic services may be offered by a forensic psychologist involved in the forensic treatment practice area. Counseling services are offered to those currently incarcerated for violent or sexually motivated crimes and may also involve counseling for those inmates causing problems within the prison. According to the National Association of Forensic Counselors, therapy can be helpful in reducing recidivism rates and helping inmates who are also dealing with substance abuse problems. Psychological Autopsy A forensic psychological autopsy is a post-mortem assessment of the deceased's mental state and involves an evaluation of relevant data.