Thermoregulation – includes both vasodilation and vasoconstriction: the increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels caused by the relaxation of smooth muscles within the vessel wall, thus causing an increase in blood flow is vasodilation process. In vasodilation, when blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases due to a decrease in vascular resistance. However, for practical purposes, the dilation of the arterioles has the most significant therapeutic value since these blood vessels are the main contributors to systemic-vascular resistance and for this reason the dilation of the arteries and arterioles leads to an immediate decrease in blood pressure and heart rate.Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Chemical-arterial dilation of venous blood vessels reduces venous blood pressure. Pacific agents can be used to reduce cardiac output, venous and arterial pressure, tissue edema, and myocardial oxygen demand. The process of vasoconstriction is the opposite of vasodilation. In vasoconstriction, the narrowing of the blood vessels results from the contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, large arteries and small arterioles. The process is especially important to stop bleeding and acute blood loss. When blood vessels narrow, blood flow decreases or narrows, while retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance, which makes skin paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing heat radiation. At a higher level, vasoconstriction is a mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains blood pressure. Thermoregulation is the process by which your body maintains its internal core temperature. All thermoregulatory mechanisms are designed to return the body to homeostasis, or a state of balance. Healthy core body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person has a basal temperature between 37 degrees Celsius and 37.8 degrees Celsius. The body has flexibility with temperature. However, if you get into extreme temperatures, this can affect your body's ability to function as if, for example, you have a temperature that drops to 35 degrees Celsius or lower, you suffer from 'hypothermia'. This condition can potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. Another example is that if the body temperature reaches 42 degrees, there will be a high possibility of death or brain damage. Factors that influence body temperature are spending time in cold or hot weather conditions. Factors that can increase core body temperature are fever, exercise, digestion. Factors that can lower body temperature include alcohol and drug use. The hypothalamus is a section of the brain that controls thermoregulation. When it senses that your core temperature is getting too low or high, it will send signals to your muscles, organs, glands and nervous system. They respond in many ways to help restore normal body temperature. Thermoregulation works in the central nervous system when the internal temperature changes, sensors in the central nervous system send messages to the hypothalamus. In response, it sends signals to many organs and systems in your body. They respond with a variety of mechanisms. Like when you sweat to cool your body, sweat glands release sweat. or vasodilation, the blood vessels under the skin widen. This increases blood flow to the skin where it is mostfresh. And if your body needs to warm up due to a decrease in temperature, vasoconstriction causes the blood vessels under the skin to constrict, thus reducing blood flow to the skin, keeping heat close to the warm internal body. Thermogenesis is the process by which the body's muscles, organs, and brain produce heat in various ways, one example is that muscles can produce heat by shivering. Thermogenesis is the thyroid gland releasing hormones to increase metabolism. This is what increases the energy your body creates and the amount of heat produced. Removal of Waste Products: The excretory system is a combined organ system that removes waste products from the body. When cells break down proteins (large molecules essential to the structure and function of all living cells), they produce wastes such as urea, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. When cells break down carbohydrates, they produce water and carbon dioxide as waste products. If these waste products were allowed to accumulate in the body, they would become dangerous to health. The kidneys, considered the major excretory organs in humans, eliminate water, urea, and other waste products from the body through urine. other body systems and organs also play a role in excretion. The respiratory system eliminates water vapor and carbon dioxide through exhalation. The digestive system removes undigested solid waste from digestion, through a process called defecation or elimination. The skin acts as an excretory organ by removing water and small amounts of urea and salt with sweat. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the lower back, near the spine. The left kidney is slightly higher than the right one. To maintain a human life, at least one kidney must function properly. Waste products are transported from the blood to the kidneys via the renal artery. Blood is carried within each kidney by 1.2 million filtering units called nephrons. Nephron cells absorb the liquid part of the blood and filter waste products. Substances such as some salts, water, sugars and other nutrients are returned to the bloodstream through the renal vein. Oxygen and Nutrient Supply: The cardiovascular system acts as an internal road network, connecting all parts of the body via a system of highways such as arteries and veins, highways, arterioles and venules, and streets, avenues, and alleys (capillaries). The network allows a non-stop carrier system that is the blood to deliver and expel nutrients, gases and waste products throughout the body. Nutrients such as glucose from digested carbohydrates are delivered from the digestive tract to the muscles and organs that require them for energy. Chemical messengers, also known as hormones, come from the endocrine glands which are transported from the cardiovascular system to their major organs. The cardiovascular system works in conjunction with the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues and eliminate carbon dioxide. The cardiovascular system is divided into two circuits, known as the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit, to make things more effective. The pulmonary circuit is made up of the heart, lungs, pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries. The circuit pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where it oxygenates and returns to the heart. The systemic circuit consists of the heart and all remaining arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins of the body. The circuit pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to all the tissues, muscles and organs of the body, to provide them with the nutrients and gases they need to function. Afteroxygen has been administered, the systemic circuit collects carbon dioxide and returns the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it then enters the pulmonary circuit to be oxygenated again. Function of the cardiovascular system Capillaires: is the smallest of all blood vessels and forms the connection between veins and arteries. When arteries branch and divide into arterioles and continue to reduce in size as they reach the muscle, they become capillaries. The capillaries form a capillary to form a network across the muscle composed of a vast expanse of very small vessels. Unlike veins and arteries, the main function is not to transport blood but is specifically designed to allow the movement of substances, such as types of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, in and out of the capillary. Their gas exchange process transforms the oxygen inside the red blood cells in the form of oxyhemoglobin, and at this point it dissociates from the hemoglobin and passes through the capillary wall into the muscle cells where it is treated by myoglobin, the muscle cells are equivalent to hemoglobin. Oxygen can now be used in aerobic metabolism to provide energy to the muscle. The waste product produced during aerobic metabolism is just carbon dioxide. Due to the lower concentration of carbon dioxide in the capillaries compared to the muscle tissue and especially during high levels of metabolism an increase occurs through the capillary wall. From there the blood continues into the venules and then into the veins which return the deoxygenated, CO2-rich blood to the heart and then into the lungs where the CO2 is exhaled and more oxygen is absorbed. Capillaries have a very thin wall composed only of endothelial cells, which allows substances to move through the wall with difficulty. They are very small and are between 5 and 10 micrometers wide. But the cross-sectional area of ​​capillaries within an average-sized muscle would be even larger than the aorta. This allows for a quick and efficient transfer of oxygen that transports red blood cells to where they belong and are needed. Venules: are small blood vessels in the microcirculation that connect the capillary beds to the veins, in the microcirculation that allow deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels which are the veins. The walls of the venules contain three layers: an inner endothelium composed of squamous endothelial cells that act as a membrane, a middle layer of muscular and elastic tissue, and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue. Venules are very porous so that fluids and blood cells can move easily from the bloodstream through the walls. High endothelial venules are specialized post-capillary venous swellings characterized by fleshy endothelial cells, in contrast to the thinner endothelial cells found in regular venules. HEVs allow lymphocytes which are white blood cells to circulate in the blood and directly into a lymph node by passing through the HEV. Venules are 8 to 100 in diameter and are formed when capillaries join together. Many venules join together to form a vein. Veins: Although all 3 tunics are in the veins, the tunica interna and tunica media are quite thin and both internal and external elastic laminae are absent or very thin. These characteristics make the veins capable of great expansion to contain the variable volume of blood that passes through them. At any given time, there is three times as much blood in the venous system as in the arterial system. veins are not designed to handle the high blood pressure found in arteries. Due to the relatively large lumen and thin walls, the.