The lack of diversity at the top of management represents a disproportionate challenge, contributing to lower retention rates. In 2012, the professional staff of CPA firms was 75% Caucasian, 4% African American, 5% Hispanic and Latino, and 15% Pan-Asian. The number of ethnic partners in CPA firms showed similar trends of Caucasian dominance: 90% Caucasian, 2% African American, 2% Hispanic and Latino, and 5% Pan-Asian. Women also faced difficulties in advancing in the profession. In 2012, women represented 44% of professional staff and only 19% of partners.