In presenting their hypotheses about the contingencies of self-esteem and self-worth, Crocker and Luhtanen emphasize the importance of self-protective tendencies that enable individuals to "achieve success and avoid failure" in the areas in which they place their self-worth. The example of a greater frequency of study time among individuals who base their self-esteem on academics illustrates self-protective behavior. Additionally, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, which we will discuss in class, is discussed in relation to previous research on self-determination theory. Extrinsically motivated behavior is associated with higher levels of effort, anxiety, and maladaptive coping when failure occurs, which is why researchers hypothesize that basing self-esteem on academic achievement will correlate with greater academic achievement.