Personal reference is the reference by function in the linguistic situation, through the category of person. Demonstrative reference is reference by localization on a proximity scale. Comparative reference is indirect reference through identity or similarity. From a grammatical point of view, all reference elements, except demonstrative adverbs and some comparative adverbs, function within the noun group (noun phrase)" (P. 37). Furthermore, there are two different ways in which the elements Reference can function within a text: exophoric reference refers to information from the context of the situation or shared knowledge between writer and reader or speaker and listener, and endophoric reference refers to information within the text ( Mccarthy, 1991, P. 35-41). Or they can function cataphorically. Subsequent elements can be interpreted only with reference to the initial sentence of the first sentence or the listener' to a previously mentioned entity, process, or state of affairs Cataphoric reference directs the reader or listener into the text to identify the elements to which the referring elements refer (Nunan). , 1993, P)..