Edwin Sutherland's study, which confirmed that the death penalty deters crime, however criminologists have begun to prove this wrong, even calling it a myth . A survey of members of the American Criminology Society conducted by Michael L. Radeltt and Traci L. Lacock in 2009 found that 88 percent of ACS criminologists did not believe the death penalty was capable of deterring murderers and reduce crime. This belief gives rise to a multitude of questions about why criminologists believe the death penalty does not deter crime. This brings the question of whether the death penalty deters crime back to the front burner along with a multitude of questions; Do other factors contribute to deterring crime? The position, although varied, ranges from two opposing spectrums to the argument relating to the death penalty; the death penalty does not deter crime, or there is no concrete evidence that the death penalty has a deterrent effect